Wheel Balance and Unbalance

It is important to check to see that the wheel and tire assemblies are in balance before aligning the vehicle. "Static" balance is the equal distribution of weight around the wheel and tire assembly. "Dynamic" balance is the equal distribution of weight on each side of the vertical centerline of the wheel and tire assembly. "Unbalance" (or imbalance) exists when the weight is distributed unequally around the horizontal axis of the wheel and tire assembly. Unbalance can exist in the tire, wheel, brake drum or rotor, or even in the hub. It also occurs in any combination of these components. Unbalance can be detected with the aid of special equipment, which usually indicates the proper location for wheel weights to restore the proper balance. Even with regular maintenance, however, uneven tire wear can result from drivers' habits, such as side wear from excessive cornering speeds. To counteract uneven wear that leads to unbalance, the tire industry recommends that tires should be rotated every six to eight thousand miles.

Wheelbase Balance

Another important factor when locating axles and spindles for wheel balance is the wheelbase measurement. Wheelbase is the distance between the center of the front wheel and center of the rear wheel. This distance (left front to left rear, right front to right rear with wheels in the straight ahead position) must be exactly the same on each side for proper weight balance. Correct wheelbase contributes to the ability of the car's rear wheel to follow directly in line with the front wheels (called "track"). Shorter wheelbases allow sharper turning radiuses, and longer wheelbases give a smoother ride and increased stability.

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Wheels

Wheels come in many different designs and usually fall into two categories: stamped sheet metal and machine castings. Some wheels are a combination of the two. Usually cast alloy wheels are higher priced, but have greater strength than stamped sheet metal wheels. Stamped sheet metal wheels are the most common, because they are less expensive to produce and are adequate for most uses. Some cars have wire wheels which consist of three basic components; inner rings, outer rings, and a series of spokes which connect the two. Cast aluminum wheels are very popular, magnesium wheels are also popular. Both are popular because they are light-weight and strong.

When The Car Doesn't Work

BEFORE a car needs repairs, the owner should check the car's manual to see if maintenance is needed. Failure to care for the car, and ignoring the initial warning signs (funny noises, problems that "fix themselves", etc) will produce more extensive and costly damage in the long run. I. Starting Problems Problems encountered in starting are usually due to the condition of the battery (clicking noises, no sound or slow grinding). These problems can often be solved by jump starting or charging the battery. If there is no response after trying these cures, it will probably be necessary to get experienced help or have your car inspected and serviced by a professional. II. Moving Problems 1. Problems with the engine hesitating, cutting out, being weak, or having difficulty with the idling should all be carefully inspected by an experienced mechanic. Overheating may be due to a need for additional coolant in the radiator or a need to unload excess weight (as when pulling a trailer). Turn off all accessories; i.e., the air conditioner. If this doesn't help, get professional help. 2. Transmission problems should always be inspected for repair or adjustment by a professional mechanic. If the car is driveable, drive slowly and carefully to the nearest service facility. If in doubt about driving the car, call a tow truck. III. Stopping Problems: When the brakes fail to hold, or if they squeal, grab or drag, they should be inspected and cared for at a specialized brake shop. When the problem is due to worn tires, the tires should be replaced at once before damaging other, more expensive elements of the car.

Why Is It Called An "Automobile"

First let us consider the name, "automobile." Now, a "car" could have been called anything and, sometimes, it is. Oliver Evans applied for a U.S. patent in Philadelphia in 1792 on a steam land carriage, which he called the "oruktor amphibolos!" We could have been strapped with that name forever, if it weren't for more reasonable individuals working on the same concept. Martini was a 14th Century Italian painter, who had been trained in engineering. He designed (on paper) a man-propelled carriage, mounted on four wheels. Each wheel was powered by a hand-turned capstan arrangement. Gearing was also provided to transmit the rotation of each capstan to the wheel below. It may have looked good on paper, but the four turners of the capstans couldn't have kept it up for long before they fell over with exhaustion. It is lucky for us that Martini did not name his invention after himself, as many inventors do. If he had, and the word had survived to the present, it might be a little confusing. If we were offered a "Martini," we might not know whether to drive it or drink it! (Representatives of MADD and SADD would probably tell us to park it!) We could be reading headlines like: ORUKTOR ACCIDENT TAKES THREE LIVES or UNITED MARTINI WORKERS ON STRIKE. The really historical (and fortunate) aspect of Martini's design is the name that he gave it: "automobile," from the Greek word, "auto," (self) and the Latin word, "mobils," (moving). "Car," on the other hand, comes from an ancient Celtic word, "carrus," meaning cart or wagon. George B. Selden, an attorney in Rochester, New York, applied for, and finally received, a patent for a "road machine" in 1879. The Duryea brothers (1895) called their products "motor wagons." In 1896, Henry Ford introduced an experimental car labeled the "Quadricycle." Newspapers used words like autometon, motor-vique, oleo locomotive, autokenetic, buggyaut, motor carriage, autobaine, automotor horse, diamote, motorig, mocole, and, of course, the horseless carriage. In 1895, H. H. Kohlsaat, publisher of the Chicago Times-Herald, offered a $500.00 prize for the best name for the motorized vehicles of the day. The judges picked "motorcycle" as the winner. "Quadricycle" was a favorite, as was "petrocar." The word "automobile" wasn't even in the running! But in 1897, The New York Times prophesied, "...the new mechanical wagon with the awful name -- automobile...has come to stay..." Many of the words that are associated with automobiles are derived from the French; i.e, garage, chauffeur, limousine, and chassis are just some examples.