Fuel Supply controls

The internal-combustion engine is powered by the burning of a precise mixture of liquefied fuel and air in the cylinders’ combustion chambers. Fuel is stored in a tank until it is needed, then pumped to a carburetor or, in newer cars, to a fuel-injection system.

The carburetor controls the mixture of gas and air that travels to the engine. It mixes fuel with air at the head of a pipe, called the intake manifold, leading to the cylinders. A vacuum created by the downward strokes of pistons draws air through the carburetor and intake manifold. Inside the carburetor, the airflow transforms drops of fuel into a fine mist, or vapor. The intake manifold delivers the fuel vapor to the cylinders, where it is ignited.

All new cars produced today are equipped with fuel injection systems instead of carburetors. Fuel injectors spray carefully calibrated bursts of fuel mist into cylinders either at or near openings to the combustion chambers. Since the exact quantity of gas needed is injected into the cylinders, fuel injection is more precise, easier to adjust, and more consistent than a carburetor, delivering better efficiency, gas mileage, engine responsiveness, and pollution control. Fuel-injection systems vary widely, but most are operated or managed electronically.

High-performance automobiles are often fitted with air-compressing equipment that increases an engine’s output. By increasing the air and fuel flow to the engine, these features produce greater horsepower. Superchargers are compressors powered by the crankshaft. Turbochargers are turbine-powered compressors run by pressurized exhaust gas.

Fuel-Injection System: The fuel-injection system replaces the carburetor in most new vehicles to provide a more efficient fuel delivery system. Electronic sensors respond to varying engine speeds and driving conditions by changing the ratio of fuel to air. The sensors send a fine mist of fuel from the fuel supply through a fuel-injection nozzle into a combustion chamber, where it is mixed with air. The mixture of fuel and air triggers ignition.© Microsoft Corporation. All

Gasoline engine vehicle

This type of vehicle runs on an engine that uses
gasoline fuel. Because gasoline engines produce
high power yet come in a compact package, they
are widely used in passenger vehicles.
Similar engines are also used on the CNG engine,
the LPG engine and alcohol engine, which use
different types of fuel.
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas
LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Engine
Fuel tank (gasoline)

Hybrid vehicle

This type of vehicle is equipped with different types
of motive power, such as a gasoline engine and an
electric motor. Because the gasoline engine
generates electricity, this type of vehicle does not
require an external source for recharging the
battery. System of wheel driver uses 270V, on the
other hand, other electric 12V.
For example, during start- off, it uses an electric
motor that produces high power despite a low
speed. When the vehicle picks up speed, it
operates the gasoline engine that is more efficient
at higher speeds. By making the best use of both
types of motive force in this manner, it is effective
in reducing exhaust emission and improving fuel
economy.

Fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV)

This electric vehicle uses the electric energy that is
created when the hydrogen fuel reacts with the
oxygen in the air to form water. Because it emits
only water, this is considered to be the ultimate
form of low- pollution vehicle, and is anticipated to
become the motive power for the next generation.
• The diagram indicates Toyota fuel cell hybrid
system.
Power control unit
Electric motor
Fuel cell stack
Hydrogen storage system
Secondary battery

Electric vehicle (EV)

This vehicle uses the power of the batteries to
operate the electric motor. Instead of using fuel, the
batteries require recharging. It offers many
advantages, including zero emissions and low
noise during operation. System of wheel drive uses
290V, on the other hand, other electric 12V.
• The diagram indicates Toyota EV system.
Power control unit
Electric motor
Battery

Diesel engine vehicle

This type of vehicle runs on an engine that uses
diesel fuel. Because diesel engines produce large
torque and offer good fuel economy, they are
widely used in trucks and SUVs.
SUV: Sports Utility Vehicle
Engine
Fuel tank (diesel fuel)

The Master Cylinder Brake system

The master cylinder displaces hydraulic brake fluid under pressure to the rest of the brake system. When the brake pedal is depressed, the push rod moves the primary piston forward in the cylinder. The hydraulic pressure created and the force of the primary piston spring moves the secondary piston forward. When the forward movement of the pistons causes their primary cups to cover the bypass holes, hydraulic pressure builds up and is transmitted to the wheel cylinders. When the pedal retracts, the pistons allow fluid from the reservoir to fill the chamber if needed. Special sensors within the master cylinder are used to monitor the level of the fluid in the reservoir, and to alert the driver if a pressure imbalance develops. The standard dual master cylinder gives the front and rear brakes separate hydraulic systems. If a brake fluid leak occurs in one system, the other system will still operate, making it possible to stop the car.